A WHO’S WHO OF TUDOR WOMEN: Hi-Hy

compiled by

Kathy Lynn Emerson

to update and correct

her very out-of-date

WIVES AND DAUGHTERS, THE WOMEN OF SIXTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND (1984)

NOTE: this document exists only in electronic format

and is ©2008-11 Kathy Lynn Emerson (all rights reserved)

 

ROSE HICKMAN

see ROSE LOCKE

ELIZABETH HICKS
see ELIZABETH MAY

JULIANA HICKS

see JULIANA ARTHUR

ELIZABETH HILL (d.1590+) (maiden name unknown)
According to Charlotte Merton's PhD dissertation The Women who served Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth: Ladies, Gentlewomen and Maids of the Privy Chamber, in 1590 Queen Elizabeth gave £200 to Elizabeth Hill, her second cousin, after Mrs. Hill's house burned down. Merton further states that there were chamber women related to both the queen and Mrs. Hill. She does not, however, identify this woman further and of the Hills with connections at court (see MARY HILL) the only two named Elizabeth had died by 1590.

ELIZABETH HILL

see ELIZABETH ISLEY; ELIZABETH LOCKE or LOK

JOAN HILL (d. September 21, 1545)
Joan Hill was the sister of John Hill of London. Her first husband was Richard Welles or Wellis (d.1505), a mercer, by whom she had several children including a son named Anthony. Her second husband, as his second wife, was John Chester (d. May 16, 1513), a draper. They had two sons, Sir William (c.1509-1595?) and Nicholas. Her third husband was John Milborne (d. April 5, 1536), a draper who was Lord Mayor of London in 1521-2. In 1515, she and her third husband, by whom she had no children, endowed a fellowship at St. Catherine's Hall, Cambridge. Joan was executor of the wills of all three of her husbands. Her own will was dated November 17, 1542. She was buried in St. Edmund, Lombard Street where her son, Sir William Chester, erected a monument to her in 1563.

MARIA HILL
see MARIA HEYMAN

MARY HILL (1532-November 30, 1616)

Mary Hill was the daughter of Richard Hill (Hilles/Hillis) of Hartley Wintney, Hampshire (c.1500-1539), wine merchant and master of Henry VIII’s wine cellar, and Elizabeth Isley (1510-1571). By 1539, Mary's mother was trying to place her in the household of Elizabeth Tudor and according to the Oxford DNB ("Cheke, John"), she did join that household in 1546. Other sources place her, as a young girl, in the household of Ann Stanhope, countess of Hertford (later duchess of Somerset) and say it was there she met Sir John Cheke (June 16,1514-September 13,1557), tutor and close friend of King Edward VI. They were married on May 11,1547. In the winter of 1549, Mary somehow displeased the duchess, prompting Cheke to write a letter of apology on January 27, 1549/1550. In it he tells the duchess that he has urged Mary to “be plain” and hopes that Mary’s “honest nature” will “content” the duchess. He also blamed Mary's behavior on the fact that she was pregnant. Mary had three sons by Cheke, Henry (c.1548-1586), John (1549-1580), and Edward (1550-1563). When Mary Tudor became queen in 1554, Cheke fled the country, leaving his family behind. On April 4, he wrote from Calais to his friend, John Harington, asking him to look after Mary. In the spring of 1556, Cheke journeyed to Brussels at the invitation of Sir John Mason, Mary’s stepfather and the queen’s ambassador, and met Mary there. On May 15, Cheke was kidnapped and sent back to England to stand trial for heresy. He was in the Tower on June 1. On July 7, Mary was allowed to visit him and stay the night. When he was released, he went to live with a nephew by marriage, Peter Osborne, and died at Osborne’s house. Widowed, Mary left her sons with Osborne to be raised. According to the DNB, she was left well-to-do, with plate valued at £666 13s. 4d., jewels worth £533 6s. 8d., and household goods worth £400. She also inherited the wardship of Thomas Barnardiston (c.1543-1619). Her second husband, married before December 14, 1558, was Henry MacWilliams (MacWilliam/Mackwilliam) of Stambourne Hall, Essex (1532-December 1586), a gentleman at the court of Elizabeth Tudor, by whom she had Margaret (c.1560-1640), Susan, Ambrosia, Cassandra, Cecily (d.1627), and Henry (d.1599). There was a Mackwilliams who was a chamberer to Queen Mary in 1557. This may possibly have been Mary Hill, although if so, she must have remarried immediately after the death of her first husband. Mary was a lady of the Privy Chamber to Queen Elizabeth and received a number of valuable grants from the queen and became quite wealthy. She was buried in St. Martin’s-in-the-fields. Portraits: a marble figure on her monument; portrait by the Master of the Countess of Warwick, 1567; another portrait, by the Circle of Gower, c.1585-1590 is questionable, as it is identical with a portrait at Hatfield called “Lady Hunsdon.”

MARY HILL (1562-November 1655)
Mary Hill was the daughter of Richard Hill (c.1527-1568), a mercer of Milk Street, London, and Elizabeth Lok or Locke (August 3, 1535-c.1581). Her mother remarried c.1569/70 to Nicholas Bullingham, Bishop of Worcester (c.1511-1576), who raised all thirteen Hill children. In about 1580, Mary married Dr. Thomas Moundeford, Moundford, or Mountfort (1550-December 13, 1630), and was the mother of Osbert (c.1584-1615), Richard (c.1586-1615), Bridget (1587-December 11, 1623), and Katherine (b.c.1588). They resided in Cambridge until 1593 when they removed to London, where Moundeford became well-known as a physician. Mary’s goddaughter, Rachel Speght, dedicated her third feminist tract to Mary in 1617. Mary was buried in St. Mary Magdalen, London.

MARY HILLERSDEN (d. December 30, 1618)
Mary Hillersden, according to the Oxford DNB entry for her son, Sir Humphrey May (1572/3-1630), may have been the daughter of Andrew Hillersden of Memland, Devon. Online genealogies give her parents as John Hillersden of Devon (1500-February 15, 1569) and Joan Kirkham. She married Richard May of Mayfield, Sussex (c.1530-December 30, 1588), a merchant tailor of London. Their children included Elizabeth (c.1565-June 1643), Sir Thomas (d. 1616), Sir Humphrey, and at least two more sons. The essay "Portingale Women and Politics in Late Elizabethan London" by Alan Stewart in Women and Politics in Early Modern England 1450-1700, edited by James Daybell, gives details of the case in Chancery brought by Mary May, widow, against Ferdinando Alvares, Alvaro de Lyma and others over the failure of a venture to sell English goods in Portugal in 1587. Mary claimed that the goods had been seized not because they were English but because the agents in Lisbon were Jewish and that the bribes that had to be paid, which cut into her profits, were not only to free up the goods for sale but also to keep those men from facing the Inquisition. There was a great deal at stake. The value of the merchandise was estimated at £4675 and £25,000 had been invested in the voyage of two ships, the Red Lion and the Christopher. What Mary apparently did not know was that the trip was also a cover for an intelligence gathering operation.

ALICE HILLIARD

see ALICE BRANDON

AGNES HILTON
see AGNES IFIELD

MARGERY HOARE
see MARGERY FREEMAN

CECILY HOBY
see CECILY UNTON

ELIZABETH HOBY

see ELIZABETH COOKE; ELIZABETH STONOR

MARGARET HOBY

see MARGARET CAREY; MARGARET DAKINS

MARY HOBY
see MARY TRACY

MARY HODDY (d.1589)
Mary Hoddy was the daughter of William Hoddy of Pillistone. She married Thomas Carew of Haccombe (1518-May 28, 1586) and was the mother of Peter, Margaret, William, John, Catherine, Dorothy, Barbara, Mary, and Joan. Portrait: brass in Hascombe/Haccombe Devonshire.

ISABEL HOLCROFT (1555-January 16, 1606)
Isabel Holcroft was the daughter of Thomas Holcroft of Vale-Royal, Cheshire (1505/6-July 31,1558) and Juliana Jennings (d.1595). Isabel was a maid of honor to Queen Elizabeth and on January 6, 1573 married Edward Manners, 3^rd earl of Rutland (July 12, 1549-April 14, 1587). As they had no sons, the Rutland title passed to the earl’s brother but their daughter, Elizabeth (1574/5-May 1, 1591) kept the title Baroness Roos. Portraits: effigy on her tomb.

MARY HOLFORD (1563-August 15, 1626)

Mary Holford was the daughter of Christopher Holford of Holford, Cheshire (d.1581) and Elizabeth Mainwaring. In 1581 she married Sir Hugh Cholmondeley (1552-1601), by whom she had five sons and three daughters: Robert, earl of Leinster (1584-1659), Hatton (d.1605), Hugh (d.1641), Francis (d.yng), Thomas (1595-1653), Lettice (1585-1612), Mary (d.1616) and Frances. Lettice and Mary may be the Cholmondeley sisters pictured in the double portrait of “twins” and their babies now in the Tate. Mary Holford, Lady Cholmondeley, became somewhat infamous for the lawsuits she waged against her uncle, George Holford of Newborough, her father’s half brother. The litigation went on for forty years, finally ending in 1620 with an agreement to split the property. Mary got Holford Hall, where she lived until 1606, and George got the manor of Iscoit. After rebuilding Holford Hall, Mary bought and moved to Vale Royal. It was during a three-day visit there by King James I that he dubbed Mary “the bold lady of Cheshire.” She is buried at Malpas with her husband. Portrait: effigy at Malpas.

BARBARA HOLGATE
see BARBARA WENTWORTH

ELIZABETH HOLLAND (d.1554+)

Elizabeth Holland was the daughter (some sources say the sister) of John Holland of Wartwell Hall in Redenhall, Norfolk and a kinswoman, probably a niece, of John Hussey, 1st baron Hussey of Sleaford. John Holland was the duke of Norfolk’s secretary and one of his stewards and Elizabeth, known as Bess, was also part of the ducal household at Kenninghall in 1526. At that time, Thomas Howard, 3rd duke of Norfolk (1473-August 24,1554) noticed her and she became his mistress. Because of the letters left by the duchess of Norfolk (Elizabeth Stafford), there is a good deal of confusion about Bess Holland. Since she was a gentlewoman, she was probably not a laundress in the household, or the children’s nurse. She may have been their governess. She was certainly on good terms with Mary Howard, Norfolk’s daughter. When Anne Boleyn was created Marquess of Pembroke, Bess Holland was one of her maids of honor and she was still at court in 1537, when she rode in the funeral cortege of Queen Jane Seymour. The records left by the duchess of Norfolk paint Bess Holland as a villainess and the duke as a monster, but the truth is probably less dramatic. Bess was his mistress for some twenty years. In December 1546, however, when both the duke and his son, Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, were charged with treason, Bess gave evidence against them. She probably had no choice. When the king's agents seized and searched Kenninghall, they also confiscated all of Bess's possessions, including the jewelry she had concealed upon her person. She also lost a new house on thirty-six acres of land in Framlingham, which the duke had recently given to her and probably the side saddle of Naples fustian he had ordered for her but not yet paid for. The bill for it was 26s 8d. In her lodgings at Kenninghall (an outer chamber, bedchamber, and adjoining garret), the commissioners seized rings, brooches, strings of pearls, silver spoons, ivory tables, and other treasures. She was taken to London for questioning but was eventually released. Her jewelry was returned. She also received an annuity of £20 from Mary Howard, duchess of Richmond. At some point after her liaison with the duke of Norfolk ended, she married Jeffrey Miles or Myles of Stoke Nayland. She was still alive when the duke died, but although he left £100 to a natural daughter named Joan Goodman, Bess received nothing. It is not clear whether Joan was Bess's child or not.

SUSAN HOLLAND
see SUSAN GUNTER

ELEANOR HOLLES
see ELEANOR SHEFFIELD

ELIZABETH HOLLES
see ELIZABETH SCOPEHAM

JOYCE HOLME
see JOYCE WASHBOURNE

MARGARET HOLSEWYTHER (d.1560+)
Margaret Holsewyther was the daughter of Henry Holsewyther of Berg, a part of Cleves. He was a goldsmith and was naturalized in England on June 12, 1514. Margaret married Lucas Horenboult (d. May 1544) in 1522 or 1523 and had by him a daughter named Jacomyne or Jacquemine. They lived at Charing Cross and both appear to have been working artists since, in May of 1547, nearly three years after Lucas’s death, Queen Kathryn Parr was sending to “the painters” to order miniatures of herself and the young King Edward VI. Susan E. James believes that this reference is to Margaret and her daughter. On July 4, 1544, Margaret remarried, taking as her second husband Hugh Hawarde, surveyor of the queen’s stable. Haward's will is dated October 12, 1558 and was proved on January 17, 1559. Margaret survived him and may have been the Margareta Hawarde who married Hans Hunt on November 18, 1560 at St. Martin in the Fields, where her first husband was buried. A John Hunt was the queen's armorer.

JOAN HONE (d. 1586)
Joan Hone was the daughter of Robert Hone of Ottery St. Mary, Devon (c.1490-1543) and his wife Johane. In about 1543 she married John Bodley of Exeter (c.1520-October 1591). Their children were Thomas (1545-1613), Sybil, Lawrence (1547/8-1615), Josias (c.1550-1617), Miles, Prothesia, Alice, Elizabeth, and Susan. Under Mary Tudor, the family left England in 1555, settling first in Wesel. They arrived in Geneva in May 1557, remaining there until they returned to England in September 1559. In Geneva artist Nicholas Hilliard, then still a child, was part of their household. On January 8, 1561, John Bodley received a license for seven years exclusive right to print and import the Geneva Bible. By 1568, the family was settled at the Three Cranes in London.

ELIZABETH HONEYWOOD (December 2, 1561-August 3, 1631)
Elizabeth Honeywood was the daughter of Sir Robert Honeywood of Honewood, Kent (c.1523-1576) and Mary Atwaters (1527-1620). On December 9, 1579, she married George Woodward of Burgate, Suffolk (b. April 10, 1549). They had three daughters, Bridget (b.1582), Elizabeth (b.1584), and Martha (June 7, 1597-August 25, 1670). Portrait: date unknown.

MARY HONYWOOD or HONEYWOOD
see MARY WATERS

ANNA HOOFTMAN (1565-1624)
Anna Hooftman was the daughter of Gieles van Eychelberg, alias Egidius Hooftman, an Antwerp banker. Her first husband was Sir Horatio Palavincino (c.1540-July 5, 1600), a naturalized English citizen who undertook missions for Queen Elizabeth. They were married in Frankfurt on April 27, 1591. They had three children, Henry (1592-1615), Toby (1593-c.1644), and Baptina (1594-1618). According to the Oxford DNB entry for her husband, Anna was “inclined toward melancholy” when the family lived in Cambridge. Anna was left as sole executor of Palavincino’s estate, which was valued at about £100,000. Among other bequests, he left their daughter an annuity of £150 until her marriage, at which time her portion would be £5000. On July 7, 1601, Anna remarried, taking as her second husband Sir Oliver Cromwell of Hinchinbrooke in East Anglia (1563-1655). They promptly arranged the marriages of his daughter Catherine (1594-1614) to her son Henry, his daughter Jane (1593-c.1644) to her son Toby, and his son Henry (1586-1657) to her daughter Baptina. These weddings took place in 1606.

ANNE HOOPER
see ANNE de TSERCLAES

ANNE HOPTON (1561-May1625)

Anne Hopton was the daughter of Sir Owen Hopton of Cockfield Hall in Yoxford, Suffolk (c.1519-September 1595) and Anne Echingham (d.1599). She is said to have been a maid of honor to Queen Elizabeth in 1588/9 but other sources say she was married to Henry Wentworth, 3^rd baron Wentworth (1558-August 16,1593) around 1585. Maids of honor were, by definition, unmarried. With Wentworth she had three children, Thomas, earl of Cleveland (1591-1667), Henry (d.1644), and Jane. In 1595 she married Sir William Pope of Wroxton (1573-1633) who was later created earl of Downe. She had a son, William (1596-1624), by her second husband. Portraits: by Marcus Gheeraerts, 1596, pregnant with son William and shown with her children from her first marriage.

CECILY HOPTON (d. April 1624)

Cecily Hopton was the daughter of Sir Owen Hopton of Cockfield Hall in Yoxford, Suffolk (c.1519-September 1595) and Anne Echingham (d.1599). Hopton was Lord Lieutenant of the Tower of London from 1570 and Cecily lived there with him. In August 1581, a twenty-five-year-old recusant named John Stonor was a prisoner in the Tower for eight months. Cecily fell in love with him and converted to Catholicism. In November, she let George Throckmorton, brother of the imprisoned Francis Throckmorton, into the precincts so that Francis could throw messages written on playing cards to him from his cell. After Stonor’s release in April 1582, Cecily continued to work for the Catholic cause. She took messages from prisoners in the Tower to those in the Marshalsea and in 1588 let a priest into the earl of Arundel’s cell to say Mass. These acts should have led to her own imprisonment but do not seem to have done so, although the account of her life in Ronald Connelly's Women of the Catholic Resistance in England 1540-1680 states that when she was discovered (he says in 1586), her father was removed from his post and Cecily was never permitted inside the Tower again. However, according to the Oxford DNB, Hopton was Lord Lieutenant until he resigned in 1590 and he did so then only for financial reasons. Cecily later married Sir George Marshall (d. July 1636), an equerry to King James, and was the mother of a daughter, Anne. Cecily was buried April 23, 1625 at the Athelstan Chapel at Malmesbury.

DOROTHY HOPTON (c.1570-April 1629)
Dorothy Hopton was the daughter of Sir Arthur Hopton of Witham, Somerset (c.1551-November 20, 1607) and Rachel Hall (1554-1629). Some sources incorrectly give her father as Sir Arthur Hopton (1488/9-1555) or as Sir George Hopton. Her first husband was William Smith or Smyth of Burgh Castle Manor, Suffolk (d. December 6, 1596), by whom she had two sons, William Roberts Smyth (c.1593-1609) and Sir Owen Smyth (d.1637). On July 21, 1597, she married Sir Nathaniel Bacon of Stiffkey, Norfolk (1546-November 1622) and he became guardian of her sons. He planned to make eldest her son his heir by means of a marriage to one of his granddaughters and for him, at her instigation, he built a second mansion at Irmingland, Norfolk, but the boy died at sixteen and his younger brother was not an acceptable replacement, as he’d threatened to sue Bacon for abusing his guardianship. Around 1609, Bacon had an annual income estimated at about £2000. According to the article on Bacon in the Oxford DNB, his marriage to Dorothy was not a happy one. Husband and wife were "temperamentally incompatible" and "quarrelled to the point where their servants talked openly of their 'great falling out.'" In spite of this, he left Dorothy Irmingland in his will, together with £400 a year. She lived at King's Lynn for the remainder of her life. She was buried beside her first husband at Great Cressingham.

MARGARET HOPTON (d.1571+)
Margaret Hopton was the daughter of Sir Arthur Hopton of Cockfield in Yoxford, Suffolk (1488-August 16, 1555) and his second wife, Anne Owen (d.1556+). She married Anthony Cockett of South Mimms, Middlesex and Sibton, Suffolk (d.1560/1), by whom she had a son, Arthur, and a daughter, Anne, who were both still minors when he died. Her second husband, married before 1571, was Arthur Robsart, illegitimate half brother of Amye Robsart. In 1571, they were granted letters of administration for her first husband's estate.

MARGARET HORENBOULT
see MARGARET HOLSEWYTHER

SUSANNA HORENBOULT or HORNEBOLT (c.1504-c.1554)

Susanna Horenboult was the daughter of Gheraert Horenboult of Ghent (1480-1540) and Margaret Sanders (d. November 26,1529). Both her father and her brother, Lucas, were among the King’s Painters at the court of Henry VIII. Lucas was employed in 1525 and Gerard by 1528 at an annual salary £25. The surname is also spelled Horneboud, Hoorenbault, Horenbout, and Horebout. Susanna herself was an illuminator and miniature painter who had gained recognition on the Continent before coming to England around 1522 to work as an artist for Henry VIII. She was assigned to the queen's household rather than being listed as a artist. Around 1526, she married John Parker (c.1493/4-September 1537), who was, among other things, Yeoman of the Wardrobe and Keeper of the Palace of Westminster. Susanna may have ceased to paint professionally when they married, as that was the common practice. Her husband had houses in Fulham and King's Langley. The same year Parker died, Susanna also lost her place in the queen's household due to the death of Jane Seymour and by 1538 she was in serious financial difficulties. She had no children by Parker. On September 22,1539, Susanna married John Gylmyn or Gilman (c.1503-1558) in St. Margaret's Church, Westminster. He was a widower with a young daughter and a freeman of the vintner's company, as well as holding a position at court. Two weeks later, Susanna was sent to Anne of Cleves as a personal ambassador from King Henry, and possibly as a spy. She was supplied with £40 for travel expenses and issued livery and was gone from England for three months. She joined the household of Anne of Cleves in Dusseldorf and accompanied the future queen to England. Anne made Susanna her chief gentlewoman and provided her with servants of her own. At Calais in December, delayed by bad weather, "Mrs. Gylmyn" taught Anne of Cleves to play a card game called Cent (an early form of piquet). Susanna remained in Anne's household as a gentlewoman of the Privy Chamber until Anne's marriage to Henry VIII was annulled. Susanna and her second husband received several grants of property from the Crown and lived in St. Bride's parish, London and later in Richmond. They had two sons and at least two daughters, including Henry (1540-1593) and Anne (b.c.1541/2). In 1543, Susanna was back at court as part of Kathrine Parr's household and remained at court under Edward VI. In June 1547, Susanna and her second husband brought a case against the heirs of her first husband in the Court of Requests. She died before July 7, 1554, when John Gilman remarried. According to one source, at the time of her death, she was living in Worcester. Biography: Lorne Campbell and Susan Foister, "Gerard, Lucas and Susanna Horenbout," The Burlington Magazine, vol.128 no.1003 (October 1986), pp. 716-727; Susan E. James, The Feminine Dynamic in English Art, 1485-1603, Chapters 5 and 6. Portrait: Susanna and her first husband may be the subjects of a pair of miniatures in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna painted by Hans Holbein in 1534

JANE HORNBY (d.1535)
Jane Hornby was from Lancashire. At some point after the death of his third wife on January 12, 1523, she became the fourth wife of Sir Richard Fitzlewis of West Horndon, Essex (c.1446-July 12, 1528). She was one of his executors and commissioned a brass showing Sir Richard with all four of his wives for his grave at Horndon. Shortly after his death, she married Sir John Norton of Faversham and Middleton, Kent (d. February 8, 1534), as his second wife. The History of Parliament calls him her third husband. She had intended to be buried with Norton in Faversham, Kent and began building a monument there, but when he died, he left instructions that he be buried in Middleton with his first wife. Jane completed the monument in Faversham anyway but left instructions in her will that she be buried with Fitzlewis instead. Portrait: brass in Ingrave Church, Essex (formerly in the old church of West Horndon, alias Thorndon, moved in 1731).

AMY HORNE
see AMY CLARKE

ELIZABETH HORNE (c.1549-1599)
Elizabeth Horne was the daughter of Edmund Horne of Sarsdon, Oxfordshire (c.1490-1553), a gentleman pensioner, and Amy Clarke. Elizabeth's mother took as her second husband Sir James Mervyn (1539-1611), by whom she had another daughter, Lucy (1565-before 1610), who later married George Touchet, baron Audley (later earl of Castlehaven). Brought up in her stepfather's household in Wiltshire, Elizabeth married Anthony Bourne of Holt Castle, Worcestershire in 1566. Although they had two children, Mary and Amy, Bourne was a womanizer and frequently away from home. He was also a violent man, both verbally and physically. By the early 1570s, after he had stolen the wife of a London gentleman, Lord Burghley threatened to prosecute him. In 1575, Bourne fled to Calais with his mistress and their son. He had placed his assets in trust, but Bourne's trustees feared the queen would confiscate his estate. To prevent that, they persuaded him to return to England and beg Queen Elizabeth's forgiveness for leaving the country without a license. He was fined £1000. After setting up a new trust with Sir John Conway (d. October 4, 1603) as sole trustee, he left England for a second time. He also gave Conway the right to arrange his daughters' marriages, with the understanding that the eldest girl would marry Conway's eldest son, Edward (c.1564-1631). A little later, Bourne tried to break the trust. According to Lamar M. Hill's "The Privy Council and Private Morality," an essay in State, Sovereigns & Society, edited by Charles Carlton, it was at this point that Elizabeth petitioned the Privy Council for a legal separation from her husband. According to Charlotte Merton's The Women who served Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth, it was her mother who "contrived to have her daughter's plea brought before the Privy Council rather than before an ecclesiastical court." She had some influence at court, having been one of the first "ladies extraordinary" of the Privy Chamber to Queen Elizabeth. Amy Clarke Mervyn or Marvin is found on lists of ladies in 1558/9 and 1567/8. The situation dragged on, unresolved, until 1590, in spite of Elizabeth having the able advice of Sir Julius Caesar. In November 1584, Elizabeth wrote to her half sister, Lady Audley, in reply to a letter Lucy had written to her in August: "My good Sister, I give you a million of thanks, that you would vouchsafe to enquire after my well-doing. Amongst all my misfortunes, nothing had increased my grief so much as the unkindness of my natural friends, of whom I have allways deserved well, and find the contrary. When I was distressed, and forced and constrained by necessity to seek the aid of friends to resist the injuries my unkind husband offered me himself, and my children, to the utter overthrow of us all, I first sought my refuge amongst those which by nature were most bound to have yielded me counsel and comfort, friendship, succour and assistance. Being refused through no ill deserts in myself, but through want of good will in themselves, I was forced, my dear sister, and could not otherwise, to accept aid amongst strangers who had some reason to offer it, and I more to take it. . . . I live at Sarisden, where I mean to secrete myself and my sorrows, until God give me a better estate." During this time, Sir John Conway and his wife, Ellen or Eleanor Grenville, had custody of Elizabeth's daughters. Elizabeth's relationship with Sir John and his wife was complex. One of her letters to him (September 11, 1587) complains about his wife, who "wrongfully" was trying to match Mary with their second son (instead of Edward Conway, the heir), and gain control of Amy in order to have her marry their youngest son, Fulke Conway. In another letter, written using the pseudonym Frances Wesley, Elizabeth mocked Lady Conway mercilessly. About seventy of Elizabeth's letters are extant, some of them written as Frances Wesley and as Anne Hayes (another pseudonym). They paint a detailed picture of her life after her husband left her. A good number of the letters are addressed to Sir John Conway, a man she called "a friend so perfect as ever was." In many they discussed books—Elizabeth read histories, romances, and poetry—but there are also hints of a closer, romantic relationship. One prefaces a plea for financial aid with an original poem. In another, Elizabeth describes herself as "a wandering woman laden with grief." Excerpts from a number of her letters and more details can be found in James Daybell's Women Letter-Writers in Tudor England. Amy Bourne did marry Fulke Conway. Mary Bourne wed Sir Herbert Croft.

MARGARET HORNE

see MARGARET NEVILLE

EDITH HORSEY

see EDITH MOHUN

MARGERY HORSMAN (d.1547+)
Margery Horsman was a maid of honor to Henry VIII's first three queens and a member of the households of the last three, although in some accounts of Anne Boleyn's life, she is identified as "of the queen's wardrobe." In the January 1534 list, hers is the seventh name after Mrs. Marshall, "mistress of the maidens." If there were only six maids of honor, this may indicated she held another position. Or not. She was probably the "one maiden more" who was the third of three women to make accusations against Anne Boleyn in 1536. Edward Baynton recorded that "Mistress Margery" first assisted him and then became uncooperative, which fits with a report by Sir William Kingston that suggests she was loyal to the queen. Margery may also be the "Marguerite" mentioned as a witness in some reports. And she may have been with Anne Boleyn in the Tower. What is certain is that when Jane Seymour was queen, Margery offered advice to Lady Lisle about placing her daughters at court and appears a number of times in the Lisle letters. In particular, she advised that Anne Bassett, Lady Lisle's daughter, was too young at fifteen to serve as a maid of honor to Queen Jane. Margery married Sir Michael Lister of Hurstbourne, Hampshire (d.1551), as his second wife, on June 27, 1537 and with her husband served jointly as Keeper of the Queen's Jewels. She had two children, Charles (d. November 26, 1613) and Lawrence. Portrait: The portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger labeled Lady Lister is probably Margery’s mother-in-law, Isabel Shirley, but I include it here on the off chance it is Margery instead.

MAUD HORTON
see MAUD CURZON

MARGARET HOSMER

see MARGARETE HETZEL

AGNES HOWARD

see AGNES TYLNEY

ALATHEA HOWARD

see ALATHEA TALBOT

ALICE HOWARD
see ALICE LOVELL

ANNE HOWARD

see ANNE DACRE; ANNE PLANTAGENET; ANNE ST. JOHN

ANNE or AGNES HOWARD (1532-November 18, 1601)
Anne (sometimes called Agnes) Howard, was the daughter of William Howard, 1st baron Howard of Effingham (1510-January 21, 1573) and his first wife, Katherine Broughton (c.1514-April 23, 1535). She should not be confused with a half sister, also named Anne, but born c. 1560. Anne/Agnes married William Paulet, 3rd Marquess of Winchester (1535-November 24, 1598) in February 1548 and was the mother of his legitimate children, William, 4th marquess (1563-February 4, 1627/8), Anne, Catherine, and Elizabeth (1560-1581). Her husband, however, kept a mistress, Jane Lambert, by whom he had four sons (see JANE LAMBERT), and was estranged from Anne. In 1578, Queen Elizabeth attempted to reconcile the couple but failed. According to the unpublished PhD dissertation All the Queen's Women: The Changing Place and Perception of Aristocratic Women in Elizabethan England 1558-1620 (1987) by Joan Barbara Greenbaum Goldsmith, Anne had no official position at court but was often there to visit friends. In 1587, she was one of two women of higher rank than countess who were available to serve as chief mourner at the funeral of Mary, Queen of Scots. When the countess of Rutland was chosen instead, it was a deliberate insult to the Scottish queen’s memory. Charlotte Merton, in The Women who served Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth tells the story of how, on November 24, 1588, the marchioness had the dubious honor of carrying Queen Elizabeth's train in the celebrations following the defeat of the Spanish Armada. This formal procession moved through London from Somerset House to St. Paul's. The queen rode in a chariot. Anne, her arms full of fabric, was on foot behind her.

CATHERINE HOWARD

see CATHERINE CAREY

CATHERINE HOWARD (1521-February 13,1542)

Catherine Howard was the daughter of Lord Edmund Howard (c.1479-March 19,1539) and Joyce Culpepper (c.1480-1527+). She was raised by her father’s stepmother, the dowager duchess of Norfolk (Agnes Tylney) until she went to court as a maid of honor to Anne of Cleves in January,1540. In short order, King Henry VIII fell in love with her, had his marriage to Anne annulled, and married Catherine on July 28. Unfortunately, Catherine had two lovers in her past and another in her future and within two years of her marriage had been executed for adultery and treason. Biographies: Joanna Denny’s Katherine Howard and Lacey Baldwin Smith’s A Tudor Tragedy; Oxford DNB entry under "Katherine [Catherine; née Katherine Howard]." Portraits: a painting by Hans Holbein the Younger often said to be Catherine is actually Elizabeth Seymour, sister of Queen Jane; Holbein miniature.

CATHERINE HOWARD (1539-April 7, 1596)
Catherine Howard was the daughter of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey (1517-x. January 19, 1547) and Frances Vere (1517-June 30, 1577). After her father's execution she was raised by her aunt, Mary Howard, duchess of Richmond and taught by John Foxe. She was a tomboy, an excellent shot with a longbow, an avid hunter of deer, and an expert falconer. In September 1554 at Kenninghall, she married Henry, baron Berkeley (November 26, 1534-November 26, 1613). Their extravagant lifestyle forced them to reduce their household from 150 in 1570 to 70 in 1580. Catherine refused to agree to marriages for her two daughters, Mary and Frances (d.1595) with two sons of Sir Henry Sidney because they were the earl of Leicester's nephews and there was enmity between Leicester and Catherine's brother, the 4th duke of Norfolk. In August 1572, less than a month after Norfolk's execution, Queen Elizabeth visited Berkeley Castle to go hunting when Catherine and her husband were elsewhere. Her party slaughtered twenty-seven stags in one day. She made a return visit in 1574. The queen is also said to have encouraged lawsuits by Leicester's relatives against the Berkeleys, resulting in years of litigation. And yet, in 1575, she was godmother by proxy to their son Thomas. According to the history of the Berkeley family written by a member of the household, John Smyth, when Catherine attempted to win back the queen's favor, Queen Elizabeth said, "No, no, my Lady Berkeley, we know you will never love us for the death of your brother." Smyth describes Catherine as haughty and overly proud of her lineage but praises her eloquence in speech and great learning, saying that she was "skillful in French" and "perfect in Italian." Jesse Childs, in Henry VIII's Last Victim," a biography of Catherine's father, claims that Catherine was a "dilettante of the dark arts" who "dabbled" in necromancy.

DOROTHY HOWARD
see DOROTHY TROYES

DOUGLAS HOWARD (1542/3-December 1608)

Douglas Howard was the eldest daughter of William Howard, baron Howard of Effingham (c.1510-January 21,1573) and Margaret Gamage (1515-May 1,1581). It has been suggested that her godmother was Margaret Douglas, countess of Lennox. She was said to resemble her cousin, Queen Catherine Howard. She was a maid of honor in 1558. In 1560, at seventeen, she married John Sheffield, 2nd baron Sheffield (c.1538-December 10,1568). She is not mentioned in her husband's will, written in December 1568. After Sheffield's death, some later said by poison, his widow returned to court as a gentlewoman of the privy chamber. There she vied for the attention of Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester (June 24,1532-September 4,1588) with her own sister, Frances Howard. By May, 1573, it was an open secret that Douglas was his mistress. According to a later deposition by Douglas, they were secretly married late that year, well before the birth of their son, Robert (August 7, 1574-1649), at Sheen House in Surrey. An earlier child is supposed to have been born at Dudley Castle, home of Douglas's sister, Mary Howard, but that baby did not live. When young Robert was two, Leicester took him to Newington to be brought up by Lord North as befitted an earl's son, but he refused to support Douglas's claim that she was his wife. In 1576, he offered her a settlement of £700 per annum to agree that they had never been married. After Leicester's marriage to Lettice Knollys became public, Douglas was asked to help the queen in her effort to have that marriage annulled, but instead of pressing her claim, she married Sir Edward Stafford (1552-February 5, 1605) on November 28, 1579 at her house in Blackfriars. She later claimed she committed bigamy to put an end to Leicester's attempts to have her poisoned. She went with Stafford to France, where he served as ambassador from 1583 until 1591. She was a great success there and is said to have become friendly with Catherine de' Medici and to have consoled her after the death of her son the duc de Alençon in 1584. In 1588, because of the wars of religion, she was sent home for her own protection. She was at the English court during the 1590s. Douglas had three legitimate sons, Edward Sheffield (December 7,1565-October 6,1646) and two boys by Stafford who died young, and a daughter, Elizabeth Sheffield (d.November 1600). In 1604, in an attempt to legitimize her son by Dudley, she appeared before the Star Chamber and testified that she and Dudley were betrothed in 1571 and married in 1573, but she had no proof. Douglas was buried December 11, 1608 in St. Margaret's, Westminster. Among the provision in her will, dated September 14, 1608, which can be found at Oxford-Shakespeare.com, were bequests to her "beloved friend" Mrs. Waller, to Marie Morton ("my woman"), to "my woman Savile" and to "Marie Turner, my ancient servant." Biography: a lengthy Oxford DNB entry under "Sheffield [née Howard], Douglas."

DOUGLAS HOWARD (January 29, 1571/2-August 13, 1590)
Douglas Howard was the only child and heiress of Henry Howard, 3rd Viscount Bindon (1542-January 16, 1591) and Frances Meautas (d.1600+). On October 13, 1584, she married Sir Arthur Gorges (c.1549-October 10, 1625), the poet and translator. They had the approval of Douglas’s mother, but her father objected to the match and a legal wrangle ensued. Douglas had one child, Ambrosia (December 25, 1588-October 1600). Bindon promptly claimed she was a changeling with no claim on Douglas’s future inheritance from him and the litigation continued. Douglas’s death devastated her husband and prompted the composition of an elegy, "Daphnaida," by Arthur’s friend Edmund Spenser.

ELIZABETH HOWARD

see ELIZABETH DACRE; ELIZABETH LEYBURNE; ELIZABETH MARNEY; ELIZABETH STAFFORD; ELIZABETH TYLNEY

ELIZABETH HOWARD (1476-April 3, 1538)
Elizabeth Howard was the daughter of Thomas Howard, 2^nd duke of Norfolk (1443-May 21, 1524) and Elizabeth Tylney (d. April 4, 1497). "To My Lady Elizabeth Howard" in "The Garland of Laurell" was probably composed by John Skelton in May 1495 during a visit to her father at Sheriff Hutton Castle, although it was not published until 1523. In this poem, he compares her to Cressida, as Alison Weir observes, possibly for her beauty but possibly for her promiscuity, and to Irene, for her artistic ability. The ladies Skelton honored in verse supposedly made him a laureate's garland of silk, gold, and pearls. Elizabeth married Sir Thomas Boleyn of Blickling, Norfolk (c.1477-March 12, 1539) c.1499 and had by him three famous children, Mary (c.1498-July 1543), Anne (c.1501-x.May 19, 1536) and George (1503-x.May 19, 1536). There were at least two others, Thomas, probably the eldest, who lived until around 1520, and Henry (d.yng). There is no evidence that Elizabeth served Elizabeth of York and although she has long been believed to have been at court as a lady in waiting to Catherine of Aragon, Alison Weir points out in her biography of Mary Boleyn that there is no specific reference to her being there. She suggests that it is Anne Tempest, wife of Edward Boleyn, who was part of Queen Catherine's household. Both Lady Boleyns were at the Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520. In the nineteenth century, It was believed that Elizabeth Howard died young (on December 14, 1512) and that her children were raised by a stepmother, but documentary evidence has disproved this. Nor was she ever Henry VIII's mistress. She died at the Abbot of Reading's place beside Baynard's Castle in London and was buried in the Howard Chapel in Lambeth Parish Church on April 7, 1538.

ELIZABETH HOWARD (d. September 18, 1534)
Elizabeth Howard was the daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd duke of Norfolk (1443-May 21, 1524) and Agnes Tylney (1477-May 1545). In 1520, during the Field of Cloth of Gold, she was at Richmond with her mother, two of her sisters, and four-year-old Princess Mary. In 1523,she was one of the "bevy of ladies" with Elizabeth Stafford, Countess of Surrey, as described in the poem A Goodly Garland or Chaplet of Laurel by John Skelton. She married Henry Radcliffe (c.1506-February 17, 1557). He became Lord Fitzwalter in 1529 (and earl of Sussex in 1542). Elizabeth is a leading candidate to be "The Lady Ratclif" of the Holbein sketch, although the identity of the sitter is by no means certain. Elizabeth’s children by Radcliffe were Thomas, 3rd earl (1526-June 9, 1583), Henry, 4th earl (c.1530-December 14, 1593), and Robert. In 1532, she was one of six ladies who accompanied Anne Boleyn to Calais. Portrait: drawing by Hans Holbein the Younger.

ELIZABETH HOWARD (d. January 1645/6)
Elizabeth Howard was the daughter of Charles Howard, earl of Notthingham (1536-December 14, 1624) and Catherine Carey (c.1546-February 24, 1603). She was a maid of honor to Queen Elizabeth from 1576-83. In 1583, she married Sir Robert Southwell of Woodrising (1563-October 12, 1599) by whom she had two daughters, Elizabeth (c.1586-September 13, 1631) who became a maid of honor to Queen Elizabeth in 1599, and Catherine, and a son, Thomas (1599-1643). On October 26, 1604, Lady Southwell remarried, taking as her second husband John Stewart, earl of Carrick (d.c. 1644). They had a daughter, Margaret. Elizabeth was buried on January 31, 1546 at Greenwich, Kent. Portrait: 1582, unknown artist.

FRANCES HOWARD
see FRANCES MEWTAS; FRANCES de VERE

FRANCES HOWARD (1553/4-1598)

Frances Howard was the daughter of William Howard, baron Howard of Effingham (1510-January 21,1573) and Margaret Gamage (1515-May 1,1581). According to Charlotte Merton's The Women who served Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth, she lived in France for a time as a young girl. She became a maid of honor c.1571 and served Queen Elizabeth in that post for many years. She spoke fluent French and had many admirers. In the 1570s, Thomas Coningsby was in love with her and in a tournament carried a banner with the device of a white lion (an allusion to the Howard family crest) devouring a young cony and the words “Call you this love?” In 1573, she was her sister Douglas’s rival for the earl of Leicester’s attentions but by 1575 had become the object of a nearly ten-year courtship by Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford (1539-April 6, 1621). Between August 1584 and January 1585, Frances was on the list of possible brides for James VI of Scotland, since she was the queen's cousin. After her marriage to Hertford in December 1585 at Richmond, the queen still kept her "Franke" at court. In 1591, the Hertfords entertained Queen Elizabeth at Elvetham. Shortly thereafter, when Hertford attempted to establish the legitimacy of his sons by his first wife, Lady Catherine Grey, he was imprisoned. Lady Hertford was said to have gone mad with fear for his life. The queen wrote to reassure her that she had no intention of executing Hertford. Frances returned to court and subsequently obtained her husband's release. When she died, he erected a monument 38' high to her memory in St. Benedict's Chapel in Westminster Abbey. She is not, however, mentioned on his monument, which he shares only with Catherine Grey. Portrait: effigy in Westminster Abbey.

FRANCES HOWARD (d.July 1628)

Frances Howard was the daughter of Charles Howard, earl of Nottingham (1536-December 14,1624) and Catherine Carey (d.February 25,1603). She married Henry FitzGerald, 12th earl of Kildare (1562-August 1,1597), in 1589 and had two daughters, Bridget and Elizabeth. After his death, she returned to England and became a lady in waiting, vying with a maid of honor, Margaret Radcliffe, for the attentions of Henry Brooke, baron Cobham (November 22,1564-January 24, 1618/19). She wed Cobham c. 1600/01 but they did not remain on good terms long. She also feuded for many years with Elizabeth Throckmorton, Lady Raleigh, over her refusal to help Elizabeth win the queen's forgiveness for her clandestine marriage. At Elizabeth Tudor’s death, Frances was one of two countesses appointed to lead a delegation of ladies to meet Queen Anne. They were supposed to wait in Berwick, but Frances rushed on to Edinburgh in the hope of winning a position in the Privy Chamber. She did serve as Princess Elizabeth’s governess for a time. Frances’s husband was involved in the plot to assassinate King James and was sent to the Tower in July, 1603. He was released in 1617 in ill health and died in poverty soon afterward. Frances attempted to obtain a pardon for him, but only in order to save the estate. After his death, she was granted lands worth £5000, but they were held in trust for her by her father and two friends. She continued to occupy Cobham Hall, where the king visited her in 1622. In 1620, she took charge of her granddaughter, Mary Stuart O’Donnell, intending to make the girl her heir, but Mary ran away in 1626 rather than marry the Protestant suitor Frances had picked out for her. Portrait: by Marcus Gheeraerts.

FRANCES HOWARD (July 27, 1578-October 8, 1639)

Frances Howard was the daughter of Thomas Howard, viscount Bindon (c.1520-January 28,1582) and his third wife, Mabel Burton (1540-1580) and was born at Lytchett, Dorset. She married Henry Prannell (d. December 10,1599), the son of a wealthy vintner, in 1592. In 1597, Frances began to consult Simon Forman the astrologer. According to Forman’s records, she was hoping to begin an affair with the earl of Southampton. In April, 1600, widowed, she was being courted by William Eure, heir to baron Eure, but on May 27,1601 she married Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford (1539-April 6,1621), whose previous wife had also been named Frances Howard (see above). When their marriage became known, another former suitor, Sir George Rodney of Somerset, killed himself. After Hertford’s death, Frances married Lodovic Stuart, duke of Lennox (September 29,1574-February 16,1624) and became the only duchess in the kingdom. Later her husband was also created duke of Richmond, earning her the nickname the “double duchess.” Biography: Oxford DNB entry under "Stuart [née Howard; married name Prannell], Frances." Portraits: an effigy on the monument she erected to herself and her third husband in Henry VII’s chapel in Westminster Abbey; portraits painted in 1611, 1615, and c.1620.

FRANCES HOWARD (May 31,1593-August 23,1632)

Frances Howard was the daughter of Thomas Howard, baron Howard of Walden and later earl of Suffolk (August 24,1561-May 28,1626) and Katherine Knyvett (1564-September 8,1638) and on January 5, 1605 married Robert Devereux, earl of Essex (1591-September 14,1646). On this occasion, Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones’s Hymenaei was performed, probably in the banqueting house at Whitehall. In 1613, she had the marriage annulled in order to marry Robert Carr, earl of Somerset (1587-1645). They were both arrested, tried, and imprisoned when it was revealed that Frances had planned the murder of one Thomas Overbury in order to advance her plans. For accounts of the Overbury murder see Beatrice White’s Cast of Ravens and Anne Somerset's Unnatural Murder: Poison at the Court of King James; Oxford DNB entry under "Howard [married names Devereux, Carr], Frances." NOTE: the DNB gives the year of her birth as 1590. Portraits: there have been a number of portraits said to be Frances Howard, countess of Somerset. Some have been discredited. The one below is in the National Portrait Gallery and is attributed to William Larkin. It is dated c.1612-15.

ISABEL HOWARD

see ISABEL LEGH

JANE HOWARD (1537-1593)

Jane Howard was the eldest daughter of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey (1517-x.January 19,1547) and Frances Vere (1517-June 30,1577). Robert Hutchinson, in House of Treason, a history of the dukes of Norfolk, states that Jane was the youngest child, born in February 1547, three weeks after her father's execution. Other sources report that Lady Surrey miscarried in 1547 and was ill afterward. What is known of Jane's early life supports her position as the oldest sister. Her early education was in the hands of Hadrianus Junius. After 1547, she and her sisters Catherine (1539-April 7,1596) and Margaret (January 1543-March 17,1592), were entrusted to their aunt, Mary Howard, duchess of Richmond (1517-December 9,1557). The girls were educated by John Foxe, who taught them Greek and Latin and had them compose poetry. He equated Jane’s learning with that of the most learned men of her times. Jane went to court in 1558/9 as one of Queen Elizabeth's first six maids of honor. Around 1563, she married Charles Neville, 6^th earl of Westmorland (August 8,1542-November 16,1601). They had four daughters, Margaret (1564-1594+), Anne, Catherine, and Eleanor, and a son, Thomas (1565-1601+). In 1569 the earls of Northumberland, Westmorland, Cumberland, and Derby plotted a rebellion to rescue Mary queen of Scots, marry her to Jane’s brother, Thomas Howard, 4^th duke of Norfolk, and restore Catholicism to England. When the duke was arrested, he advised the earls to abandon their plans, but in a meeting between Northumberland and Westmorland at Branspeth it was Lady Westmorland who persuaded the two earls to take up arms. Of her brother’s defection she is said to have remarked, “What a simple man the duke is to begin a matter and not go through with it.” To the earls, who were considering flight or submission to the queen, she said, “We and our country were shamed forever, that now in the end we should seek holes to creep into.” She goaded them until, on November 14,1569, they began the first uprising England had seen since Wyatt’s abortive rebellion in 1554. Lady Northumberland and Lady Westmorland were with the troops when they took the city of Durham and sacked the cathedral there, tearing up all the English translations of the Bible and all the Reformation prayer books they could find. Queen Mary’s removal to Coventry and the lack of support they found as they moved slowly southeast forced them to turn back at Tadcaster and begin a rapid retreat. From Naworth Castle, Westmorland slipped across the border into Scotland, taking refuge there until he could escape to the Netherlands. Lady Westmorland, however, remained in England and wrote to Queen Elizabeth for leave to come to court. In part, she wrote: “Innocency and the great desire I have had to do my humble duty to her Highness . . . emboldeneth me to continue this my suit.” Her request was denied. She was sent to Kenninghall, Norfolk and held there, a virtual prisoner, for the rest of her life. She was paid a pension of £200 during her husband's exile. This was increased to £300 in 1577. Retha M. Warnicke, in Women of the Renaissance and Reformation, interprets Jane's actions differently. She maintains Jane remained a protestant and was angry because, after her husband had been lured into treason, his fellow conspirators were prepared to abandon him. Northumberland, after his capture, then blamed Jane, without foundation, for egging on the rebels. According to Warnicke, Jane was investigated and exonerated but she gives only secondary sources for this conclusion. Jane was buried at Kenninghall on June 30, 1593. Portrait: effigy on her father's tomb. She is on the near side with her sister Catherine in the middle and her sister Margaret on the far side.

JOYCE HOWARD
see JOYCE CULPEPPER

KATHERINE HOWARD (1508-1554)
Katherine Howard was the daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd duke of Norfolk (1553-May 21, 1524) and Agnes Tylney (1477-May 1545). In 1520, during the Field of Cloth of Gold, she was at Richmond with her mother, two of her sisters, and four-year-old Princess Mary. At the age of six she was betrothed to Rhys ap Griffith of Carew Castle, Pembrokeshire (c.1505-x. January 4, 1531/2) and married him when she was fourteen. Their children, who followed the Welsh practice of using their father's first name as their last name (ap Rhys or Rice) were Thomas (c.1522-1544), Griffith (b.1526), Agnes (d. August 19, 1574), Mary, and one other daughter. Sir Rhys was arrested on October 2, 1531 and accused of plotting to kill the king. He was beheaded. Katherine's second husband, married in 1532, was Henry Daubeney, earl of Bridgewater (December 1493-April 8, 1548). She was his second wife. He'd had no children by his first marriage and this second union also proved childless (although TudorPlace.com.ar gives them three unnamed children). Barbara J. Harris in "Sisterhood, Friendship and the Power of English Aristocratic Women 1450-1550," in Women and Politics in Early Modern England, 1540-1700, edited by James Daybell, reports that Lady Daubeney sent all three of her daughters to her mother to raise. Daubeney was reportedly in poor health by 1534 and trying to get rid of his wife. They were already living apart. He may have thought he could get an annulment and marry again in the hope of a son to inherit or they may simply have been incompatible. In any case, in 1535, he offered her all her own lands and £100/year. In the winter of 1535/6, however, she wrote to Lord Cromwell that her only income came from Queen Anne, her niece. She also claimed that efforts had been made to discredit her with the queen. Daubeney, meanwhile, was pleading financial hardship. By March 1536, however, the queen's father, the earl of Wiltshire, had loaned him £400. It is not clear if Queen Anne's generosity extended to having her aunt at court, but we next hear of her nearly two years after Anne’s execution. On April 7, 1538, Katherine was chief mourner at the funeral of her half sister Elizabeth, Lady Wiltshire. In 1540 there were rumors that Katherine and her husband might reconcile. Reconciled or not, she was at court when another niece, Catherine Howard, was queen, and when Catherine was arrested, so was Katherine. She was indicted for misprision of treason along with her mother, her brother William, and William's wife (Margaret Gamage). Katherine was buried in the Howard Chapel in Lambeth on May 11, 1554.

KATHERINE HOWARD (c.1546-1598)
Katherine Howard was the daughter of William Howard, 1^st baron Howard of Effingham (1510-January 21, 1573) and Margaret Gamage (1515-May 1,1581). Katherine was a maid of honor to Queen Elizabeth as a young woman and remained in the queen’s service and unmarried until her death. Her sisters Mary and Frances Howard were also maids of honor.

KATHERINE HOWARD

see KATHERINE BROUGHTON; KATHERINE KNYVETT

MARGARET HOWARD

see MARGARET AUDLEY; MARGARET DOUGLAS; MARGARET GAMAGE; MARGARET MUNDY

MARGARET HOWARD (c.1514-October 10, 1572)
Margaret Howard was the daughter of Lord Edmund Howard (c.1479-March 19, 1539) and Joyce Culpepper (c.1480-1527+) and the sister of Queen Catherine Howard. The Oxford DNB gives a date of 1530 for her marriage to Sir Thomas Arundell of Wardour (c.1502-x. February 26, 1551/2) but various genealogies say they wed on either November 1531 or on September 5, 1533. The date on their marriage settlement was November 20, 1530. The DNB and History of Parliament likewise give October 10, 1571 as Margaret's date of death, but other records indicate that she was buried on October 20, 1572 in Tisbury, Wiltshire. Just to make things more confusing, Margaret is sometimes said to be Joyce Culpepper's daughter by her first marriage, to Ralph Legh (d.1510) and born in 1505. The Oxford DNB gives the c.1514 date and says she was the daughter of Lord Edmund. Margaret was at court during the time her sister was queen. During the reign of Edward VI, when the duke of Somerset was Lord Protector, Sir Thomas became involved in rebellion and treason. He was executed for his part in an alleged conspiracy to assassinate John Dudley, at that time earl of Warwick but soon to be duke of Northumberland. Arundell's estate, including Margaret's widow's third, was forfeit to the Crown. In June 1553, her dower rights and some of her husband's lands were restored to her and she was granted a pension of £20 a year. Her children by Arundell were Sir Matthew (1535-December 1538), Margaret, Dorothy (c.1535-c.1578), Robert (b. January 1537), Sir Charles (c.1539-December 9, 1587), and Jane. Portrait: Because of its possible descent through her daughter Dorothy, who married Sir Henry Weston in 1559, Margaret has been suggested as a possible subject of a portrait of an unknown woman in black, attributed to William Scrots. If so, it was painted after 1553. A more likely subject, with a slightly earlier date (c.1546) is Lady Margaret Douglas, but I include the portrait here on the off chance that it is Lady Arundell.

MARGARET HOWARD (January 1543-March 17,1592)

Margaret Howard was the daughter of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey (1517-x.January 19,1547) and Frances Vere (1517-June 30,1577). After her father’s execution for treason, she and her sisters, Jane (1537-1593) and Catherine (1539-April 7,1596), were brought up by their aunt, Mary Howard, duchess of Richmond (1517-December 9,1557). The girls were educated by John Foxe, who taught them Greek and Latin and had them compose poetry. After Queen Mary succeeded to the throne in 1553, Margaret was briefly in the household of her grandfather, Thomas Howard, 3^rd duke of Norfolk (1473-August 1554). Margaret married Henry Scrope, 9^th baron Scrope of Bolton (c.1534-June 13, 1592) after his first wife died in November 1558. They had two sons, Thomas, 10^th baron Scrope (1567-September 2, 1609) and Henry (c.1569-September 5,1625). When Mary Stewart first fled from Scotland into England her earliest prison was Carlisle Castle, where she was in the keeping of Lady Scrope. She was there by May 18,1568 and was moved to Bolton Castle in Yorkshire by mid-July. On February 3,1569, the queen of Scots arrived at Tutbury Castle, where she was turned over to the keeping of the earl and countess of Shrewsbury. Mary’s biographer, Antonia Fraser, remarks that the Scots queen was surrounded by Protestants at Bolton, so it may be that Margaret Howard, unlike her older sisters, was permanently converted from the Catholicism of her father and grandfather to the Protestantism of her aunt. In June 1569, however, Margaret accompanied her husband to a meeting at Tattershall, Lincolnshire with her sister Catherine and Catherine’s husband, Henry Berkeley, 7^th baron Berkeley (1534-1613), a gathering perceived by some to be held to plan the Northern Rebellion, in which Margaret’s sister Jane, as countess of Westmorland, was to play a major role. When Scrope received an appeal for help from Westmorland, he proved his loyalty to Queen Elizabeth by forwarding it to her. Portraits: a double portrait with her son Thomas (detail below); portrait at Knole; miniature based on painting at Knole.

MARY HOWARD

see MARY DACRE; MARY FITZALAN

MARY HOWARD (1519-December 9,1557)

Mary Howard was the daughter of Thomas Howard, 3rd duke of Norfolk (1473-August 25,1554) and Elizabeth Stafford (1499-November 30,1558). She was a maid of honor to her cousin, Anne Boleyn and was married to King Henry VIII’s illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond (June 18,1519-July 22,1536) at Hampton Court on November 26,1533, but they never lived together. In fact, King Henry tried to use non-consummation of the marriage as an excuse not to support Mary in her widowhood. By 1540, however, she had been granted a number of former church properties and had an income in excess of £744 per annum. Following Fitzroy's death, Mary lived primarily at Kenninghall when she was not at court and was at the center of a literary circle that included her brother, Henry Howard, earl of Surrey and Lady Margaret Douglas. She was part of the household of Catherine Howard but send back to Kenninghall in November 1541 when the queen's household was disbanded. There was talk of a marriage with Thomas Seymour, Queen Jane’s brother, as early as 1538 and the idea was broached again in 1546, but Surrey was violently opposed to the idea and Mary does not seem to have liked it much herself. Her brother went so far as to suggest that if the family wanted to use Mary to advance their interests at court, she should become King Henry’s mistress rather than Seymour's wife. In December 1546, when Mary’s father and brother were arrested on charges of treason, she was forced to give evidence against them, but managed to say very little of use. After Surrey was executed, Mary was given charge of his children. She established a household at Reigate and employed John Foxe to educate them. Unlike most of the rest of the Howards, Mary adoped the New Religion, which meant she fell out of favor when Queen Mary came to the throne. She did remain close to her father, however, and when he died he left her £500. She was buried with her husband in St. Michael's church, Framlingham, Suffolk, but their tomb was left unfinished at the duke of Norfolk's death and has no effigies. Biography: there is none of Mary, but those written about her father, husband, and brother give some further details of her life; Oxford DNB entry under "Fitzroy [née Howard], Mary." Portrait: Hans Holbein’s sketch of “The Lady of Richmond” is incomplete but is the only likeness we have of Mary. It is not certain when it was drawn or why it was not completed.

MARY HOWARD (d. August 21, 1600)
Mary Howard was the daughter of William Howard, 1^st baron Howard of Effingham (1510-January 21, 1573) and Margaret Gamage (1515-May 1,1581). Dates given for her birth range from 1537 to 1548. She was a maid of honor to Queen Elizabeth before 1566. In that year, the queen presented her with a purple velvet loose gown, and at some point before his death that year, poet Richard Edwards wrote of her "Howarde is not haughte/But of such smylinge cheare/That wolde aleve eche gentill harte/His love to holde full clere." There were rumors that she had secretly married Sir Thomas Southwell (c.1542-c.1572), and although they both denied it, the matter was taken seriously enough to require investigation by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Once he determined that no marriage had taken place, Mary married Edward Sutton, 4^thbaron Dudley (c.1513-July 9, 1586), in December 1571, as his third wife. Her sister, Douglas, visited Dudley Castle on occasion and was rumored to have given birth to a child by Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester there, but not the son, Robert (b.1574) who lived to adulthood. Queen Elizabeth visited the Dudleys at Dudley Castle on August 12, 1576. They had no children. Mary was her husband's executor. She remarried in 1587. Her second husband was Richard Mompesson (1548-1627) and she was the first of his three wives. She was buried in St. Margaret’s, Westminster, as were many others of the queen’s ladies.

MARY HOWARD (d. 1603+)
Said to be the Lord Chamberlain’s granddaughter (that would be William, 1^st baron Howard of Effingham), Lady Mary Howard was at court as a maid of honor from 1590-1603. Records are unclear as to her parents names. Although she does not appear on lists of their children, she may have been the daughter of William Howard of Lingford (c.1540-September 2,1600) and Frances Gouldwell (d.c.1614). Another possiblity is the Lord Chamberlain’s younger son Thomas Howard (c.1561-1600), about whom little is known. The Lord Chamberlain also had two other younger sons, Henry and Richard, for whom I cannot find dates and therefore cannot tell if they died young or lived long enough to marry and father a daughter. Joan Barbara Greenbaum Goldsmith's unpublished dissertation, All the Queen's Women, identifies Mary as the daughter of Catherine Carey (c.1546-February 4, 1603) and Charles Howard, earl of Nottingham (1536-December 14, 1624), which makes more sense, but so far I have not been able to find a list of their children that includes a Mary. Aside from the dearth of information about her parents, however, there is a great deal known about Mary Howard. A letter from William Fenton to John Harington in 1597 tells Harington that Fenton has spoken to the queen twice since Easter and that both times she spoke “vehemently and with great wrath” of Lady Mary Howard. Mary had refused to bear the queen’s mantle when the queen wished to walk in the garden and made an unseemly answer that “did breed much choler” in her mistress. On other occasions, Mary failed in other duties—carrying the cup of grace during dinner in the privy chamber and not attending the queen when she went to prayers. Worse, she caught the attention of “the young Earl.” This may have been Essex, but is just as likely to have been Southampton. In either case, the queen was not pleased. Fenton seems to indicate that Mary had a sister, Jane, who had been a maid of honor before her marriage. Sir John Harington (1560-1612), in writing to Robert Markham in 1606, recalled another incident “that fell out when I was a boy,” that seems to have involved this same Mary Howard, although in the 1590s he would hardly still be “a boy.” Still, the story does not seem to fit the first Mary Howard (see above). According to Harington, she had “a rich border powdered with golde and pearle, and a velvet suite belonging thereto.” The queen, thinking it exceeded her own, sent for Mary’s “rich vesture, which she put on herself, and came forthe the chamber amonge the Ladies; the kirtle and border was far too shorte for her Majesties height; and she askede every one, How they likede her new-fancied suit? At lengthe she asked the owner herself, If it was not made too short and ill-becoming? — Which the poor Ladie did presentlie consente to. ‘Why then if it become not me, as being too short, I am minded it shall never become thee, as being too fine; so it fitteth neither well.’ This sharp rebuke abashed the Ladie, and she never adorned her herewith any more. I believe the vestment was laid up till after the Queenes death.” Another possibility for the subject of this tale, proposed by Charlotte Merton in The Women who served Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth, is Mary Dacre (June 4, 1563-April 7, 1578), first wife of Thomas Howard, 1st baron Howard of Walden. (see MARY DACRE).

MURIEL HOWARD (1485-December 14, 1512)
Muriel Howard was the daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd duke of Norfolk (1443-May 21, 1524) and Elizabeth Tylney (d. April 4, 1497). She was at Sheriff Hutton Castle in 1495 when John Skelton composed his poem "The Garland of Laurell" (published 1523). She married John Grey, viscount Lisle (April 1480-September 9, 1505) in June 1504 and had one daughter, Elizabeth (1505-1519). Muriel married second Sir Thomas Knyvett of Buckenden or Budkenham, Norfolk (d. August 10, 1512) and was the mother of Edmund (1507/8-1550/1), Ferdinando (b.1509), Henry (d. March 30, 1547), Anthony, Catherine, and Anne. Her will was written October 13, 1512 and proved January 12, 1512/13. She bequeathed "all my three sons and two daughters to the King's Highness, together with my wedding ring to him, desiring him to be a good Lord to them."

MARGARET HOWE
see MARGARET HARLESTONE

ANNE HUBBARD (1435-1515+)
Anne Hubbard was a waiting gentlewoman to both Elizabeth of York and her daughter, Mary Tudor. In December 1515, when she was eighty, she was awarded an annuity of 100s.

ELIZABETH HUDDESFIELD (1480-1511+)
Elizabeth Huddesfield was the daughter of Sir William Huddesfield of Shillingford, Devon (1429-March 20, 1499) and Katherine Courtenay (1443-January 12, 1515). She married Sir Anthony Poyntz of Iron Acton, Gloucestershire (c.1480-1535) in 1499. Their children were Mary, Giles, Sir Nicholas (1504-July 1577), Ferdinando, Robert, Margaret (1510-1545+), and Thomas. According to Alison Weir, in Henry VIII: The King and his Court, in September 1510, Elizabeth Poyntz was appointed Lady Mistress of the King's nursery, charged with overseeing the birth of Catherine of Aragon's first child and the care of the new baby. Weir identifies Elizabeth as the unmarried daughter of Sir Robert Poyntz (c.1450-1520), which would make her Sir Anthony's sister. Their mother was Margaret Woodville, sister of the king's grandmother. I have a problem with this identification because the choice of an unmarried woman to fill such a position makes little sense. The Lady Mistress supervised the wet nurse (and later the dry nurse) and the rockers. In later royal nurseries, the post was usually filled by the wife or widow of a knight. The baby, Prince Henry, was born in January 1511, at which time Mistress Poyntz was given a reward of £30. The baby died the following month. On August 1, 1511, Elizabeth Poyntz, described as "late nurse unto our dearest son the Prince," was granted an annuity of £20 for life, starting at Easter, 2 Henry VIII. The use of the term "nurse" rather than "Lady Mistress" in this grant suggests to me that Elizabeth, assuming she was Elizabeth Huddlesfield and not Elizabeth Poyntz, may actually have been the wet nurse, not the one in charge of the nursery. This also makes more sense of the earlier reward, and she would have met the requirement of having had a child of her own at about the same time Prince Henry was born. Giles Tremlett's recent biography of Catherine of Aragon supports this supposition and names Elizabeth Denton (née Jerningham) as Lady Governor (ie. Lady Mistress) of the prince's household.

BRIDGET HUDDLESTON
see BRIDGET COTTON

JANE HUDDLESTON or HUDDLESTONE (d.1598+)
Jane Huddleston was the daughter of Sir Edmund Huddleston of Sawston Hall, Cambridgeshire (d.1508) and Dorothy Beconsall. She married William Wiseman of Braddocks, Essex. Her mother-in-law, Jane Vaughan (d.1610) lived there with them from December 1585 until 1591, when she left to set up her own household at Bullocks as a recusant center. Jane Vaughan was arrested in 1593 and imprisoned until after Queen Elizabeth’s death in 1603. Meanwhile, Jane and William had a second house in Golding Lane, Holborn, which was raided on March 15, 1594. William was arrested and imprisoned in the Counter in Poultry, where Father Gerard was also being held. Jane bought an adjacent house to be close to them both. When William was released after paying a bribe, he moved in with her and they remained close to the prison until Gerard escaped some three and a half years later. He initially took shelter with them. After that, they returned to Braddocks and appear to have had no further difficulty with the authorities.

JANE HUDDLESTON
see JANE STAPLETON

JOAN HUDSON
see JOAN ASTLEY

ELIZABETH HUGGONS

see ELIZABETH GYLLYOTT.

GRISOLD HUGHES (c.1560-June 15,1613)
Grisold or Grizel Hughes or Hewes was the daughter of Thomas Hughes of Uxbridge, Middlesex (d.1587) and Elizabeth Don (d.1590). She was married twice, the first time before 1588 to Edward Neville, 5^th baron Bergavenny (1518-February 10,1589). After he died, at Uxbridge, she very quickly remarried, wedding Francis Clifford, 4^th earl of Cumberland (1559-January 21,1641), by whom she had four children: Margaret (c.1590-1622), George (d. yng), Henry (February 28, 1591/2-December 11, 1643), and Frances (b.c.1594). Although some sources say that she was the “Lady Neville” of “My Lady Neville’s Book,” this was most likely Elizabeth Bacon, second wife of Sir Henry Neville of Billingbear, Berkshire (d.1593). Not only was Grisold already remarried by 1591 when this manuscript was presented to “Lady Neville,” but she would never have been called Lady Neville in the first place. Her proper title would have been Lady Bergavenny throughout her brief first marriage.

ELIZABETH HUICKE
see ELIZABETH SLIGHFIELD

MARGERY HUNGATE
see MARGERY FREEMAN

AGNES HUNGERFORD

see AGNES COTELL

ANNE HUNGERFORD

see ANNE BASSETT; ANNE DORMER; ANNE PERCY

ELIZABETH HUNGERFORD

see ELIZABETH HUSSEY

MARY HUNGERFORD (c.1468-before July 10, 1533)
Mary Hungerford was the daughter of Sir Thomas Hungerford (x. January 17, 1468/9) and Anne Percy (d. July 5, 1522). She was suo jure 5th baroness Botreaux, and 4th baroness Hungerford, and baroness Moleyns. Described as a "wealthy West Country heiress," she married Edward, 2nd baron Hastings (November 26, 1466-before November 8, 1506/7) around 1480. They had two children, Anne (c.1485-November 1550) and George, 3rd baron (1486/7-March 24, 1544). On May 1, 1509, Mary wed her second husband, Sir Richard Sacheverell (before 1469-April 14, 1534). They lived, by 1517, in apartments within the College of St. Mary in the Newark, Leicester. The appointment of Lord George Grey as dean of the college led to a decade of petty quarrels. Lady Hungerford, according to Mary L. Robinson's essay, "Court Careers and County Quarrels," let her dogs run free in the chapel, organized bear-baitings on the grounds, and allowed her servants to be rude to Grey's supporters. The rivalry grew so heated that Lady Hungerford complained because it was no longer safe for women to walk in the woodlands adjacent to the town. By the spring of 1525, Lady Hungerford and her husband took an armed escort of nearly two hundred men any time they traveled outside of Leicester and men came to blows on a market Saturday in July. For more details see Robinson's essay in Charles Carlton, ed., State, Sovereigns & Society. Lady Hungerford and her second husband were buried in the collegiate church of Newark, under a pillar in a chapel off the south transept.

URSULA HUNGERFORD
see URSULA MAIDENHEAD

MARGARET HUNNIS
see MARGARET WARNER

ALICE HUNTINGDON
see ALICE MORE

JOAN HURSTE (d. February 27, 1598/9)
Joan Hurste was the daughter of John Hurste of Kingston on Thames, Surrey. Her first husband was William Mainwaring of Eastham, Essex (d. October 10, 1529). They had no children. After his death, she married Henry Bradshaw of Halton, Buckinghamshire (d. July 27, 1553), who was Chief Baron of the Exchequer under Henry VIII and Attorney General under Edward VI. They had eight children, including Benedict (d.c.1554), Bridget (1535-1580) and Christian (d.1557). In 1539, Bradshaw acquired the manor of Noke Place in Oxfordshire. As a widow, Joan repaired the church and built a new chapel, in which she was buried on March 1, 1598/9. In 1588, her granddaughter, Mary Fermor (daughter of Bridget), an orphan, was married from Joan's house in Noke, suggesting that she raised her grandchildren after their parents died in 1580. Portrait: her memorial brass in St. Giles, Noke, Oxfordshire shows both husbands and all her children and contains the following inscription: "Here lyeth the body of Johan Bradshawe, daughter and coheire of John Hurste of Kingston on Temes in the countie of surry gent, who had to her first husband William Manwayringe of Eastham in the county of Essex Gent, who died the 10 day of October Anno 1529 and to her second husband Henry Bradshawe Esq. late Lord Cheife Barron of The Exchequer, who had issue between them 4 sonnes & 4 daughters who dyed 27 Day of Julye 1553. The said Johan all her life was very charitable to the poore and purchased lands and rents forever to the use of the poor of the towne of Noke in the county of Oxon. & to Halton & Wendover in the county of Buck. and at her chardgs Newlie builte this chappell and dyed the 27th day of February Anno 1598. Anno Rne Elizabethe 41."

AGNES or ANNE HUSSEY (d.1572+)
Agnes or Anne Hussey was the daughter of John, 1st baron Hussey (1466-x. June 29, 1537) and Anne Grey (1493-1543). Dates for her birth range from c.1515 to 1528. She married Sir Humphrey Browne of Ridley Hall, Essex (d. December 5, 1562), a judge, as his third wife, after 1541. They had three daughters, Mary, Christian or Christiana (b.c.1554), and Katherine (d.1616?). Christian’s monument incorrectly lists her mother’s name as Mary. According to the Oxford DNB, Agnes was sued in 1572 for diverting water to her house in Cow Lane through a conduit installed by her late husband. Agnes may have been the second Lady Browne recorded as sending gifts to Mary Tudor (the other was Elizabeth Fitzgerald).

ANNE HUSSEY

see ANNE GREY

BRIDGET HUSSEY (c.1514-January 12, 1601)

Bridget Hussey was the daughter of John, Lord Hussey of Sleaford (1466-xJune 29,1537) and Anne Grey (1493-1543). Some accounts give her birthdate as late as 1528. Her first husband was Sir Richard Morison (1510-March 17,1556), one of the men who had written virulent denunciations of her father and the Pilgrimage of Grace. They had two daughters, Elizabeth (1545-1611) and Jane Sybilla (1551-July 1615), and a son, Sir Charles (d.1599), but Morison also had a mistress, Lucy Harper (née Peckham). Under Edward VI, Morison was sent as Ambassador to Charles V. Bridget went with him and they remained on the Continent from 1550 until Edward’s death in 1553. Following a brief visit to England after Mary Tudor became queen, they returned to the Continent, this time as exiles. They settled in Strassburg, where Morison died. As a widow, Lady Morison returned to England and was allowed to claim her husband’s estate at Cassiobury, Hertfordshire. In 1561, she married Henry Manners, earl of Rutland (September 23, 1526-September 17, 1563), a widower. He died two years later, probably of the plague. On June 25,1566, she married a third time, to another widower, Francis Russell, 2^nd earl of Bedford (1527-July 28,1585). She was with him at Berwick, where he was Captain, and probably accompanied him into Scotland to attend the christening of the future James I. Twenty years later, she served as chief mourner at the funeral of James’s mother, Mary queen of Scots, on June 20, 1587 at Peterborough. The Bedfords entertained Queen Elizabeth at Chenies in 1570 and at Woburn in 1572. As dowager countess of Rutland and Bedford, she was a prominent social figure and an influential supporter of Puritan causes. She did not get along well with the earl of Bedford’s children, but she arranged brilliant matches for her own daughters. In 1588, she took over the upbringing of one of her second husband’s daughters, Lady Bridget Manners. She trained the girl to take a post as maid of honor to the queen the following year. Bridget Hussey lived the last part of her life at Woburn. She died on a Sunday, “well at the sermon in the afternoon and dead that night.” Her monument at Watford was moved to Chenies, Buckinghamshire, in the early 20th century.

ELIZABETH HUSSEY (c.1510-January 23, 1554)

Elizabeth Hussey was the daughter of John, Lord Hussey of Sleaford (1466-xJune 29,1537) and Anne Grey (1493-1543), although some accounts say she was the daughter of his first wife, Margaret Blount, and was born c.1506. She married Sir Walter Hungerford (1503-x.July 28,1540) in October 1532 and they had two children, Eleanor and Edward (c.1533-December 5, 1605), but the marriage was not a happy one. A letter from Lady Hungerford to Lord Cromwell complained that her husband had kept her prisoner in Farleigh Castle for three or four years and tried to poison her. She wanted a divorce. So, apparently, did Hungerford, but when he learned that obtaining one would not permit him to remarry, he dropped the suit. Part of the problem may have been that Elizabeth’s father, Lord Hussey, participated in the Pilgrimage of Grace and was attained for treason and executed in 1537. In 1536, Hungerford, who had Lutheran leanings, was created Baron Hungerford of Heytesbury. In 1540 he was arrested and charged with a number of treasonous offenses, including shielding a traitor (his chaplain), conjuring to determine how long the king would live and whether the Pilgrimage of Grace would succeed, and committing unnatural acts. He was accused of "the abominable and detestable vice and sin of buggery" and held in the Tower of London until he was executed by being beheaded. In October 1542, Elizabeth remarried, taking as her second husband Sir Robert Throckmorton of Coughton (c.1510-February 12, 1581). Their children were Anne (d.1605+), Elizabeth, Temperance, Muriel, Robert, George, and another son whose name has not survived and who probably died young.

ELIZABETH HUSSEY (1532-1590+)
Elizabeth Hussey was the daughter of Sir Robert Hussey of Linwood, Lincolnshire (d.1546) and his second wife, Jane Stydolf. In 1553, she married Anthony Crane of Rochampton, Surrey (1510-August 16, 1583) and by him had a daughter, Mary (d.1606). Crane supported Puritan reforms in religion and Elizabeth seems to have been of like mind. In 1588, she permitted Robert Waldegrave and his wife, whose printing press had been destroyed for printing an unauthorized book, to bring what they could salvage of the type to her house in Aldermanbury. Soon afterward, they set up a new press at Elizabeth’s country house at East Molesey, Surrey and there printed the first of the Martin Marprelate tracts. By October, they’d moved the press to Fawsley Priory in Northamptonshire, a house owned by George Carleton of Overstone, Northamptonshire (1529-January 1590). Carleton and Elizabeth married by early 1589 and continued to hide the printing press from the authorities. In October, Elizabeth was imprisoned in the Fleet and was probably still there when Carleton died. She was named executor of his will. On May 17, 1590, she appeared before the Star Chamber and was fined £500 for hiding the press. It is not clear how much longer she remained in prison, nor is it certain when she died, but during her imprisonment, goods and household stuff were stolen from Carleton's house at Overstone. Biography: Oxford DNB entry under “Crane, Elizabeth.”

KATHERINE HUSSEY (c.1462-c. December 1507)
Katherine Hussey was the youngest daughter and co-heir of Nicholas Hussey of Harting, Sussex (c.1417-January 15, 1470/1). In around 1475, at about the age of thirteen, she married Sir Reginald Bray (c.1440-August 5, 1503). Her dowry included estates in Berkshire, Sussex, and Hampshire. She was part of the household of Margaret Beaufort and she and her husband continued to keep rooms in Margaret's London house, Coldharbour, even after Katherine joined the household of Elizabeth of York. At some point after 1485, Bray bought Chelsea Manor in Middlesex. He was very wealthy and influential and, as he and Katherine had no children, he named the sons of his brother, John, as his heirs. This was contested and not finally settled until after Katherine's death. Katherine, who was friends with humanist John Colet, named Colet as the executor of her will, dated December 15, 1507. It was proved February 7, 1508.

MARGARET HUSSEY
see MARGARET BLOUNT

MARY HUSSEY (d. 1545+)

Mary Hussey was the daughter, probably the youngest daughter, of John, Lord Hussey of Sleaford (1466-xJune 29,1537) and Anne Grey (1493-1543). Because of her father’s treason, she lost her social standing and whatever dowry might normally have been provided for her. At the end of May 1539, she went to Calais to become a waiting gentlewoman to Honor, viscountess Lisle, wife of the Lord Deputy. As a result, she was part of the household a year later when Lord and Lady Lisle were arrested and charged with treason. All the Lisle correspondence was seized. A number of letters survive concerning Mary’s coming to Calais, along with the depositions she gave concerning the destruction of certain love letters by Lady Lisle’s youngest daughter, Mary Bassett. Mary Hussey seems to have remained with Lady Lisle during her enforced stay in the house of a gentleman of Calais, one Francis Hall. Lady Lisle was freed and returned to England after Lord Lisle’s death in March 1542. Mary married Humphrey Dimock or Dymock and had children Francis, Henry, Thomas, Mary, and Catherine, but details and dates are sketchy. The House of Commons passed a Bill of Restitution for the heirs of Lord Hussey on March 4, 1563 that listed Mary Dymmocke among those restored in blood, but this does not necessarily mean that she was still alive in 1563.

URSULA HUSSEY
see URSULA LOVELL

ALICE HUTCHEN (c.1513-November 21, 1574)
Alice Hutchen (Huchen/Hutchin) was the daughter and coheir of Thomas Hutchen, mercer of London. Her first husband was Hugh Methwold, another mercer. They had nine children, including William and Anne. Her second husband was John Blundell of Hadleigh, Suffolk and St. Laurence Jewry (d. September 20, 1559). He was also a mercer and they also had nine children: Philip (d. before 1559), Elizabeth, Mary, Theodora, Anne, Susanna, and three other daughters who died before 1559. Blundell acquired property in Oxfordshire, including Steeple Barton, where the family settled and where he died. He left all his lands to his widow and his five surviving daughters. In 1570, Alice gave the Mercers' Company £100 to be used for loans to two young men. Her own son, William Methwold, was the first to receive one of the loans. In return for the £100 and another £10 to be used to pay for a dinner in her honor when she died, she was to be invited to all company dinners at which women were in attendance and was to be buried "as a sister of this fellowship." She made a will on September 29, 1570 confirming this and instructing that 13d. in bread be given every Sunday morning to the poor of St. Laurence Jewry. On October 22, 1570, just before his term of office ended, she married Sir Alexander Avenon/Davenant (d.1578+), Lord Mayor of London, an ironmonger. Alice was buried at St. Laurence Jewry. Biography: Anne F. Sutton, The Mercery of London, Appendix 2.

BRIDGET HUTTOFT
see BRIDGET MILL

URSULA HUTTOFT (d.1560+)
Ursula Huttoft was the daughter of Henry Huttoft of Southampton, Hampshire (d. c.1542), mayor of that city in 1525 and 1534 and his wife Joan (d.1543+). By 1510, Ursula had married Edmund Cockerell of Guernsey (d. between September 1559 and October 1560). They moved to London, where Cockerell was admitted to the freedom of the city as a grocer on November 23, 1531. Four years later, the entire family's fortunes were ruined when Ursula's sister Dorothy's husband, a Florentine named Antonio Guidotti, fled abroad and left behind a mountain of debts. He returned to England in 1540 and was imprisoned in the Fleet, but the money was still owed to creditors. When Ursula's father died, John Mill (d.1557), father-in-law of her brother John (d.1542/3) and one of those to whom Guidotti owed money, seized Henry Huttoft's goods and books of account. He still held them as late as 1547 and there were still unsettled debts as late as 1561. As a widow, Ursula was allowed to remain in the house in London Wall which she and her husband had occupied, but only after the intervention of William Paulet, marquess of Winchester, who had to request permission for her to do so from the Lord Mayor of London. Ursula and her husband do not seem to have had any children. He did not leave a will.

ELIZABETH HUTTON

see ELIZABETH BELLINGHAM; ELIZABETH FARTHING

ALICE HYDE (c.1455-before 1511) (maiden name unknown)
Alice Hyde was the wife of a wealthy clothier named Hyde who lived in Newbury, Berkshire. Her parentage is unknown. One of her husband's apprentices was a man named John Smallwood or Smalewoode of Winchcombe, Gloucestershire (c.1465-February 15, 1519/20), who subsequently went by the name John Winchcombe and was popularly known as Jack of Newbury. After her first husband's death, Alice married him, although he was some ten years younger than she was. Details of their courtship, as fictionalized in 1597 in Thomas Deloney's Pleasant History of John Winchcomb, can be found at Berkshire History. The family fortune came from the manufacture and export of kerseys. At one time, 160 looms were set up in the house. Although only a small portion of this house still exists, it was built of brick and timber and once took up an entire block. Remains have been found to show the rooms were paneled with oak wainscotting. Although the History of Parliament says that John Winchcombe (1488/9-December 2, 1557), son of Jack of Newbury, was probably the child of his second wife, Joan, most other sources list Alice as his mother. The date of her death is unknown, but took place before Henry VIII was supposedly entertained by Jack during a visit to Newbury in either 1516 or 1518. One online genealogy (no sources given) gives Jack two children by his second wife, Robert (c.1512-June 28, 1539) and Margaret (c.1514-November 27, 1541), which would put Alice's death before 1511. Alice was buried in Our Lady Chancel in St. Nicholas, the parish church of Newbury. In his will, dated January 4, 1519/20, Jack asked to be buried beside her and provided for "a stone to be laid upon us both." A memorial brass still exists.

KATHERINE HYDE (c.1520-May 7, 1589)
Katherine Hyde or Hide was the daughter of Sir John Hyde of Aldborough. She married Nicholas Mynne of Barsham, Norfolk and afterward was the second wife of Sir Nicholas Lestrange of Hunstanton Hall, Norfolk (1515-1580). They were married in January 1547. She had no children by her second husband. After the 1572 execution of Lestrange's patron, the duke of Norfolk, he relocated to Ireland, selling Hunstanton Hall to his son by his first wife, Hamon (c.1533-1580). Katherine remained in England, living at King's Lynn. Portrait: by the monogramist H. W.

LUCY HYDE (d.1604+)
Lucy Hyde was the daughter of William Hyde or Hide of Throcking, Hertfordshire (c.1530-1580) and his wife Elizabeth. According to Joan Barbara Greenbaum Goldsmith's All the Queen's Women: The Changing Place and Perception of Aristocratic Women in Elizabethan England,1558-1620 (unpublished dissertation, 1987), Lucy was the daughter of the Elizabeth Hyde who was at court from 1575 and possibly until 1603. Elizabeth Hyde may therefore have been the Mrs. Hyde who was Mother of Maids from 1601-1603. Charlotte Merton identifies Lucy as a chamberer from 1593-1603 in her The Women who served Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth. On June 13, 1597, Lucy and her husband, Sir Robert Osborne, paid £100 for the grant of the lease of Godmanchester parsonage in Huntingdonshire for twenty-one years. In 1604, they had the lease confirmed by a bill in Parliament. It is unclear if Sir Robert was the same Sir Robert Osborne, a lawyer, who sold Kilmarsh Hall in Northamptonshire in 1617.

THOMASIN HYDE
see THOMASIN BARDFIELD

SAGE HYGONS (1529-1559+)
Sage Hygons was the wife of Gryffydd Hygons of New Carmarthen (d. April 8, 1559). According to his entry in the History of Parliament, her father was named Lewis ap Thomas. Since the usage of Welsh surnames was inconsistent during this period and can be confusing, I have listed her here under her married name. In 1543, one Rhys Gwyn accused Hygons, his wife, and others of occupying land that belonged to him. An outcome of the case is not recorded. In 1546, Hygons and Sage took a twenty-one year lease on lands and houses at a rent of £22/year. They could afford it. Two years earlier, Hygons' lands had been valued at £50/year and his goods at £80. When Sage is next heard of, however, as beneficiary of the "lower mill" and other bequests in the will Gryffydd Hygons, made on March 29, 1559, she is identified not as Hygons' wife, but as "now wife to Mr. William Morris Gwyn." After Hygons' death, in the first inquisition post mortem, she was named as heir and in April 1559 "Sage Hygons alias Gwyn" and William Morris Gwyn were jointly granted administration of the estate. A second inquisition post mortem was later held in which Marion Hygons, an aunt of the deceased, was named his heir instead. As no further details are given, one can only speculate about Sage and her marital status.

ELIZABETH HYNDE (d.1573+)
Elizabeth Hynde was the daughter and heir of Augustine Hynde of Cripplegate (d. August 10, 1554), a clothworker and London alderman, and his second wife (d. July 12, 1569). She was an "orphan of the city" after her father died, even though her mother subsequently married Sir John Lyon, a Bucklersbury grocer who was Lord Mayor of London in 1554. She had five older siblings, including a half brother, Roland Hynde (1542-1615) and a sister, Joan. On August 1, 1572, Elizabeth was lodged in the household of Francis Barnham, a draper, and his wife, Alice (see ALICE BRADBRIDGE). She came with the specific instruction that no suitors should be allowed to visit her. On August 28, this was amended to allow Randall Hurleston, her father's cousin german, to visit her, but they were strictly chaperoned. The restrictions were loosened a bit on September 9, but he was still forbidden to mention marriage to her. Apparently there were two claims of a precontract with Elizabeth, one by Samuel Knowles and another by one Appleby. A man named Crowley was also petitioning to pay court to Mistress Hynde. On October 7, Hurleston petitioned to remove Elizabeth from the Barnhams' custody but was denied. On November 25, Knowles was mentioned by name as someone who was not to be permitted to see Elizabeth. Finally, on November 27, Elizabeth went to the Guildhall to be examined by the Lord Mayor and the highest ranking aldermen, representing the Court of Orphans. On January 25, 1573, Knowles was given permission to visit Elizabeth, but was bound in the amount of £200 not to marry her within two years of that date. On January 28, however, he obtained a 'general license for marriage' with Elizabeth and on April 14, the couple informed the Court of Orphans that they were wed. Most of these details come from Lena Cowen Orlin's Locating Privacy in Tudor London.

JANE HYNDE
see JANE VERNEY

URSULA HYNDE
see URSULA CURSON

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